You could try to extract the textures from the asset files, I managed to do that using a tool called disunity (if I remember the name correctly). However, I don't know how you would need to go about putting new assets in there so that they are loaded. I also don't know if you could publish something like that while adhering to the modding permissions we have been given.
The other option would be to write a mod that brings it's own textures, loads them from some folder and then replaces the old textures via code. That should probably be fine and I'm pretty sure it can be done and although I haven't replaced any texture yet, I have managed to load texture files, for a new block in a mod I'm developing.